Cosmological gravity probes: Connecting recent theoretical developments to forthcoming observations

Shun Arai, Katsuki Aoki, Yuji Chinone, Rampei Kimura, Tsutomu Kobayashi, Hironao Miyatake, Daisuke Yamauchi, Shuichiro Yokoyama, Kazuyuki Akitsu, Takashi Hiramatsu, Shin’ichi Hirano, Ryotaro Kase, Taishi Katsuragawa, Yosuke Kobayashi, Toshiya Namikawa, Takahiro Nishimichi, Teppei Okumura, Maresuke Shiraishi, Masato Shirasaki, Tomomi Sunayama, Kazufumi Takahashi, Atsushi Taruya, Junsei Tokuda

Since the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the present Universe, significant theoretical developments have been made in the area of modified gravity. In the meantime, cosmological observations have been providing more high-quality data, allowing us to explore gravity on cosmological scales. To bridge the recent theoretical developments and observations, we present an overview of a variety of modified theories of gravity and the cosmological observables in the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure, supplemented with a summary of predictions for cosmological observables derived from cosmological perturbations and sophisticated numerical studies. We specifically consider scalar-tensor theories in the Horndeski and DHOST family, massive gravity/bigravity, vector-tensor theories, metric-affine gravity, and cuscuton/minimally-modified gravity, and discuss the current status of those theories with emphasis on their physical motivations, validity, appealing features, the level of maturity, and calculability. We conclude that the Horndeski theory is one of the most well-developed theories of modified gravity, although several remaining issues are left for future observations. The paper aims to help to develop strategies for testing gravity with ongoing and forthcoming cosmological observations.

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics

2023

7

072E01

https://doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptad052

2312.09094